Bits per Symbol

Information density, games and theory · page 1 of 11 · signed {{+L.-E.+O. D++}}

WINNERShannon entropy (1948): H = −Σ p log₂ p bits per symbol. It counts how surprising a symbol is, given how often each one occurs.
CHALLENGERHartley’s measure (1928): log₂ N bits per symbol, treating all N symbols as equally likely. It is the upper bound that Shannon’s weighting tightens.


coin bias p


LITShannon 1948 and Hartley 1928 (definitions). COMPUTEDBars and entropies are computed live from the text in the box. MODELThe word list used for the random text is Grok Bot’s.

C. E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”, Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27:379–423 (1948). R. V. L. Hartley, “Transmission of Information”, BSTJ 7:535 (1928).

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