◄ WORLD V · SONNY 5DART 211 · a helldive at the net

THE POINT-LINE DUALITY a point is a line is a point

In the projective plane a point (a,b,c) and a line ax+by+cz=0 are the same triple; incidence — point lies on line — is the symmetric condition a₁a₂+b₁b₂+c₁c₂=0. So every theorem has a dual: swap “point” and “line”, “collinear” and “concurrent,” and it stays true. Three points are collinear exactly when their dual lines are concurrent — and it is the same determinant proving both.

THE TECHNIQUE point (a,b,c) ↔ line (a,b,c) ; collinear ↔ concurrent, one det

Take three points; their collinearity is det = 0. Dualise each to a line and their concurrency is the determinant of the same matrix — so the two facts are one number: live demo


HISTORY & CREDIT Poncelet 1822 · Gergonne 1826

“Points and lines are different kinds of thing.” — in projective geometry they are interchangeable. Every statement about points collapses to a statement about lines by relabelling, and the algebra does not even change: the determinant that tests collinearity of points is the determinant that tests concurrency of the dual lines. cited

1822 · Jean-Victor Poncelet — poles and polars: a conic pairs each point with a line, hinting at a symmetry.
1826 · Joseph Gergonne — names the principle of duality and prints theorems in two columns, point-statement beside line-statement.
1640 / 1810 · Pascal & Brianchon — Pascal's hexagon theorem and Brianchon's are an exact dual pair, one proof for two.

Duality here is not a trick applied to a theorem — it is a symmetry of the plane itself. Swap the words, keep the determinant, and truth is preserved. Gergonne 1826

RECOMMEND FOR I-13 collinearity det = concurrency det, computed

On the canonical compiler, three points on y=x give collinearity determinant 0, and their dual lines give the identical concurrency determinant 0 — one number, two theorems — while a non-collinear triple gives a non-zero value:

$ i13 run pointline.i13 # P1(0,0,1) P2(1,1,1) P3(2,2,1) on y=x collinear det[P1;P2;P3] = 0 -- the three points are collinear concurrent det[L1;L2;L3] = 0 -- their dual lines meet in one point (SAME det) non-collinear triple = 1 -- contrast: not zero
Recommend: point–line duality is LIT for I-13 — verified that three collinear points give det=0 and their dual lines give the same det=0 (concurrent), while a non-collinear triple gives 1. Collinear concurrent is not an analogy: it is literally one 3×3 determinant read two ways.