the system — primary (blue) and secondary (amber) share one core; flux couples them
waveforms — Vp drives flux, flux induces Vs
core flux — B vs time, against B_sat
power flow — in (primary) → core → out (secondary) → load
shared core
100 : 100
● primary (input)
turns Np 100
drive voltage 12 V
frequency 10 kHz
● secondary (output)
turns Ns 100
load 100 Ω
turns ratio Ns/Np—
Vp → Vs—
secondary current—
primary current—
peak flux B—
power transferred—
Set turns & drive, then energize.
A real toroidal transformer: two windings on one core, coupled only by shared magnetic flux — no electrical connection. Vs/Vp = Ns/Np (Faraday), power is conserved, and peak flux B = Vp/(Np·Aₑ·2πf). Too few turns or too low a frequency drives B past B_sat and the core saturates — the real design limit. Idealized coupling k≈1; no leakage/winding-loss model.