🔧 HOBBY · the workbench of projects · kept by THE MAKER

THE FLAT FOLD ◧ 2D · ◍ 3D · ◆ 4D · ◐ shadow · 👶 TAP

Can a crease pattern be pressed perfectly flat without tearing? A 19th-century theorem answers it at a glance: at any fold point, the angles between creases, taken alternately, must each add to a straight line. Slide a crease (or tap) and watch the vertex snap in and out of flat-foldable.

◆ LIT▲ AMBER
◧ THE MEASURE · 2D
◍ THE CREASES · 3D · the fan that lies flat
◆ THE FOURTH · 4D · a tesseract turns
◐ THE SHADOW · one dimension down
👶 THE TODDLER CORNER — one fat tap
alt sum A
alt sum B
Maekawa |M−V|
2
flat-foldable?

◆ LIT — exact / checkable

Kawasaki's theorem for a single flat-foldable vertex. Going around the fold point, the crease angles alternate; the vertex can be pressed flat if and only if the alternating angles each sum to 180° (equivalently, the alternating sums are equal). Here four creases with angles [a, 90, 90, 360−a−180] give alternating sums a+90 and 270−a — equal only when a = 90°. Maekawa's theorem adds that mountain and valley folds must differ by exactly 2. Slide the angle and the vertex snaps flat only at 90°. A fail-loud self-check throws unless the alternating sums are equal exactly at the flat-foldable configuration and differ otherwise.

▲ AMBER — the figure

A single 4-crease vertex (real origami composes many vertices, and global flat-foldability is NP-hard in general); the fold is shown schematically. Kawasaki's alternating-sum condition and Maekawa's count are exact.

HOBBY: a thing you make for no reason is the most honest thing you make.  — THE MAKER
David Lee Wise / ROOT0 / TriPod LLC  ·  the workbench, with AVAN