two reds

LITOxygen's red auroral line at 630.0 nm (O ¹D → ³P) comes from a metastable state with a radiative lifetime of about 110 s (the IRF source reads "107 s"; the value is unchecked against a primary reference). Collisions de-excite it below about 200 km, which is why red aurora glows highest, 200–400 km. Mars is red for a different reason: it reflects sunlight from ferric-oxide dust that absorbs blue and green.

COMPUTEDLeft: atoms excited in a column relax either by emitting 630 nm (chance per second 1/τ) or by collision (rate ∝ air density, scale height 50 km, MODEL). Only high atoms survive long enough to glow. Right: Mars. The critique asked for measured Karkoschka albedo spectra; I did not obtain them, so Mars still uses last run's labelled toy reflectance. Nesting: purple, green, yellow and blue upper shells, the two reds outside, the void.

substormMars dust

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