THE RELATIVISTIC MELT

LITMercury's 6s electrons move fast enough near the heavy nucleus (Z = 80) that relativity contracts and stabilises their shell, weakening bonding between atoms. Calvo, Pahl, Wormit and Schwerdtfeger (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 7583, 2013) simulated bulk mercury: without relativity it melts at about 355 K (82 °C); with it, about 250 K (−23 °C), close to the measured 234.32 K (−38.83 °C). A 105 K drop, mostly scalar relativistic, not spin–orbit.

MODEL · TOYA thermal-camera view of a 2-D Lennard-Jones crystal. The well depth is scaled so that the "non-relativistic" bond melts at 355 K and the "relativistic" one at 250 K (ratio 250/355, as in the paper). Raise the temperature and watch which one loses its lattice first. The toy reproduces the ratio by construction; it does not compute relativity.

relativistic: ON T

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