RUBY 694.3

LITTheodore Maiman got the first laser action, in ruby, on 16 May 1960 at Hughes Research Laboratories. The device was a 1 cm × 2 cm pink ruby rod with silvered ends, pumped by a GE FT-506 xenon flash lamp. Ruby is Cr³⁺ in Al₂O₃ (about 0.05% Cr). It absorbs in broad bands near 550 and 400 nm, then relaxes to a metastable level and emits sharply at 694.3 nm, a three-level laser. Maiman measured the fluorescence quantum efficiency at about 70%.

MODELA three-level rate equation in normalised units: pump rate W, metastable lifetime 1, and fast decay from the pump band. Lasing needs more than half the ions in the upper level. The rod's colour is CIE-computed from the two pump bands as absorbers; the beam is the 694.3 nm line. Nesting: an orange flash lamp, purple-green-yellow-blue pump light absorbed, the red beam, the void.

pump W fire flash lamp

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