Ion Coulomb Crystal

LITLaser-cooled ions in a trap repel each other and freeze into a crystal with no chemical bonds: a lattice held up by the Coulomb force against the trap. Trapped ions hold the fidelity records: Quantinuum reported a 99.914(3)% two-qubit gate on its commercial H1-1 (April 2024). A single ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ ion qubit kept coherence for over an hour (Wang et al., Nature Communications, 2021; about 5,500 s with dynamical decoupling).

MODEL · COMPUTEDIons find their equilibrium by gradient descent in a 2-D anisotropic harmonic trap with 1/r repulsion (scaled units). Loosen the radial confinement and the linear chain buckles into a zigzag, a structural phase transition seen in real ion crystals. Add ions and watch them re-crystallise.

radial/axial trap ratio

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