Semiconductor materials · atomic reference

The doped
crystal

Pure silicon barely conducts — its four valence electrons lock into a flawless lattice with nothing left to carry current. A processor is what happens when you contaminate that crystal on purpose: a few foreign atoms per million, placed with intent, turn an inert wafer into a billion switches.

1substrate
7dopants
9build materials
Si · the substrate
Substrate (valence 4)
Donor — n-type (valence 5)
Acceptor — p-type (valence 3)
Build material
brightened ring = valence shell